Structural Elements of the movie
Narrative Elements
a. Character and characterization
Major Characters
• Willy Loman - A 63 year old. Willly Loman is an elderly salesman lost in false hopes and illusions.
• Linda Loman - The wife of Willy who tries to protect Willy’s feelings and can’t make herself it means hurting his feelings. She is always trying to stand between Willy and her sons to ease the tension.
• Biff Loman - A 34 year old son of Willy who has been searching for himself while working on farms in the west to the dismay of his father. Biff was a star football player in high school, with scholarships to two major universities.
• Happy Loman - The younger brother of Biff who tries in all he can to please his father and attempts to continue his father’s dream after he dies. He lives in an apartment in New York, and during the play is staying at his parent's house to visit. Happy is of low moral character; constantly with another woman, trying to find his way in life, even though he is confident he's on the right track.
Minor Characters
• Bernard - A bookish friend of Biff and Happy who urges Biff to study in high school to no avail, however, he himself makes it as a prominent lawyer and goes to argue a case to the Supreme Court at the end of the play. Bernard always studied and eventually became a successful lawyer, something that Willy has trouble dealing with.
• Charley - Charlie is the Loman's next door neighbor, and owns his own sales firm. He and Willy do not get along very well, but they are friends nonetheless. He is Bernard’s father who is fairly successful and offers Willy a job which Willy refuses on the basis of pride.
b. Plot
1) The Beginning
Biff returns from the west to visit his family although he doesn’t know how long he’s going to stay. Happy is glad to see him, but Willy seems strangely irritated. He talks to old friends he imagines to the chagrin of his family, but no one has the heart to confront him about it. Happy talks with Willy and asks him why he didn’t go to New England for his business trip. Willy explains that he almost hit a kid in Yonkers. He also tells his sons of his brother Ben who made a fortune on a trip to Africa.
2) The Middle
Biff talks with Linda and asks her about Willy’s condition. Linda explains that she can’t bring herself to confront Willy about it. She also tells Biff that Willy has attempted suicide by crashing the car several times. Willy comes out of his reverie and speaks with his family about their jobs. Happy has an idea of starting a line of sporting goods so Biff decides to go to Bill Oliver to ask to borrow money. Willy decides to go to Howard the next day to ask if he can work in New York so that he wouldn’t have to drive 700 miles to work.. The next day Willy goes to Howard and Biff goes to see Oliver. They decide to celebrate their success by going out for dinner at night. When Willy talks with Howard, he loses his temper and begins yelling at Howard who in turn fires him. After Biff goes to see Bill, Bill doesn’t remember him and doesn’t lend him money. At night, Biff and Happy arrive at the restaurant before their father. Biff explains to happy that he didn’t get the money, and happy encourages his brother to lie.
3) The end
Biff confronts Willy about his suicide attempts and Willy denies everything. He tells Biff that he did not get any money from Oliver and has no hope go get any money. He accuses Willy of not know who he really is. However, after this, Biff cries and leaves. Willy realizes that Biff loves him and decides to celebrate by killing himself by crashing the car which would give his family 20 thousand dollar in life insurance. No one but his family and Charley goes to his funeral.
c. Setting
Willy’s house - Small house in New York surrounded by apartments.
Restaurant - Restaurant where Stanley works where the Lomans were supposed to have dinner at the end of the play.
The hotel - The hotel where Willy stays while in New England for his business trips. This is where Biff catches his father in the affair.
d. Point of View
1) First person : Willy Loman
2) Second person : Linda Loman
3) Third person : Biff Loman and Happy Loman
e. Theme
The major theme and source of conflict is the play of Lomans in general cannot distinguish between reality and illusion, particularly Willy. Willy cannot see who he and his sons are. He believes that they are great men who have what it takes to be successful and beat the business world. Unfortunately, he is mistaken. In reality, Willy and sons are not, and cannot be successful.
Note: It deals with man and society.
Rabu, 18 Mei 2011
REVISI SEMINAR ON LITERATURE
POWER OF WIKUS’ LOVE
IN NEILL BLOMKAMP’S DISTRICT 9 MOVIE (2009)
AN INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACH.
RESEARCH PROPOSAL
Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for Getting Bachelor Degree of Education
in English Department
Proposed By:
IPUNG ASANI (A320080004)
SCHOOL OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA
2011
INTRODUCTION
A. Background Of The Study
Power is an ability to do something or act. It also means capability of accomplishing something. According to brainy quote, “power is an ability to act, regarded as latent or inherent, the faculty of doing or performing something, capacity for action or performance, capability of producing an effect, whether physical or moral as a man of great power”. Meanwhile, Love is a feeling at heart in which interest to one object, that making our body becoming unstable. Love is about patience and trust as the foundation. According to psychologytoday.com, Love is as critical for your mind and body as oxygen. The more connected you are, the healthier you will be both physically and emotionally. The less connected you are, the more you are at risk. It is also true that the less love you have, the more depression you are likely to experience in your life. So, power of love is the ability to be patience and believe toward our feeling in heart to defend a relation.
District 9 is a 2009 science fiction thriller film directed by Neill Blomkamp. It was written by Blomkamp and Terri Tatchell, and produced by Peter Jackson and Carolynne Cunningham. The film stars Sharlto Copley, Jason Cope, and David James. The story, adapted from Alive in Joburg, a 2005 short film directed by Blomkamp and produced by Sharlto Copley and Simon Hansen, pivots on the themes of xenophobia and social segregation. The title and premise of District 9 were inspired by events that took place in District Six, Cape Town during the apartheid era. Producer Peter Jackson planned to produce a film adaptation based on the Halo video game franchise with first-time director Neill Blomkamp. Due to lack of financing, the Halo adaptation was placed on hold. Jackson and Blomkamp discussed pursuing alternative projects and eventually chose to produce and direct, respectively, District 9. Blomkamp had previously directed commercials and short films, but District 9 was his first feature film. The director co-wrote the script with Terri Tatchell and chose to film in South Africa, where he was born.
The film was produced for $30 million and shot on location in Chiawelo, Soweto, presenting fictional interviews, news footage, and video from surveillance cameras in a part-mock documentary style format. A viral marketing campaign began in 2008, at the San Diego Comic-Con, while the theatrical trailer appeared in July 2009. Released by TriStar Pictures, the film opened to critical acclaim on August 14, 2009, in North America and earned $37 million in its opening weekend. Blomkamp said no one film influenced District 9, but cited the 1980s "hardcore sci-fi/action" films such as Alien, Aliens, The Terminator, Terminator 2: Judgment Day, Predator and Robocop as subconscious influences. The film has received very positive reviews, with Rotten Tomatoes reporting that 91% of critics gave the film a positive review, based on a sample of 244, with an average score of 7.8 out of 10. The website wrote of the consensus, "Technically brilliant and emotionally wrenching, District 9 has action, imagination, and all the elements of a thoroughly entertaining science-fiction classic." (www.observer.com/2009/movies/district-9).
The District 9 won the 2010 Saturn Award for Best International Film presented by the Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Films, and was nominated for four Academy Awards in 2010, including Best Picture, Best Adapted Screenplay, Best Visual Effects, and Best Editing. This film was named one of the top 10 independent films of 2009 by the National Board of Review of Motion Pictures. The film received four Academy Awards nominations, seven British Academy Film Awards nominations, five Broadcast Film Critics Association nominations, and one Golden Globe nomination. It is the fourth film ever nominated for Best Picture at the Academy Awards for Tri Star Pictures behind As Good As It Gets, Jerry Maguire and Bugsy. It won the 2009 Bradbury Award from the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America. (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_9).
Neill Blomkamp (born 17 September 1979) is an Academy Award-nominated South African film and advertisement writer and director currently based in Vancouver, Canada. Blomkamp employs a documentary-style, hand-held, cinéma vérité technique, blending naturalistic and photo-realistic computer-generated effects. He is best known as the co-writer and director of critically acclaimed District 9, his only feature film to date. Blomkamp was born in Johannesburg, South Africa. At 16, he met Sharlto Copley who had also attended Redhill High School in Johannesburg. Copley provided Blomkamp with the use of computers at his production company in order to pursue his passion and talent for 3D animation and design - in return, Blomkamp assisted Copley in creating 3D work for pitches on various projects. His family relocated to Vancouver when Blomkamp was 18, where he enrolled in Vancouver Film School. In 2003, Blomkamp was hired to illustrate photo-real future aircraft for Popular Science's "Next century in Aviation" and in 2004 was hired to illustrate "The Future of the Automobile". Blomkamp worked as a visual effects artist at The Embassy Visual Effects in Vancouver as well as Rainmaker Digital Effects. In 2007, Blomkamp directed a trilogy of live-action short films (known collectively as Landfall) set in the Halo universe, to promote the release of Halo 3. In 2008, Halo: Combat Evolved, the first of the three installments, won the Cannes Lions 2008 – Film Lions Grand Prix. When funding for the Halo film collapsed, Peter Jackson decided to produce District 9 instead, an adaptation of Blomkamp's earlier short film which had been produced by Hansen and Copley and directed by Blomkamp and starring Copley, was released in mid-August 2009, to rave reviews.
District 9 is set in Johannesburg. The beginning of the story starts with aliens that made first contact with Earth in over twenty years ago. A gigantic spacecraft appeared overhead. After weeks of no contact, the government finally went inside and discovered a species that were soon dubbed "prawns" for their shellfish-like appearance. They were the last of their kind, and in order to accommodate them, the government of South Africa set up a makeshift home in District 9 as politicians and world leaders debated how to handle the situation. As the humans begin to grow wary of the unwelcome intruders, a private company called Multi-National United (MNU) is assigned the task of controlling the aliens. They found thousands of aliens who appeared to be low-level worker drones; their leaders seemed to be gone. For their own health and safety, they were relocated to a slum district of the city. Over the years, however, the city and much of the world has turned against the seemingly chaotic creatures, setting up a new form of apartheid and isolating the creatures. In response to increasing unrest, the government has hired a private firm to go in and relocate the creatures to District 10, an area 200 miles away.
Wikus Van de Merwe, is an MNU bureaucrat who has been promoted to a new position tasked with overseeing the forced move of the aliens into a new slum (District 10). But MNU is less interested in the aliens' welfare than attempting to understand how their weaponry works. Should they manage to make that breakthrough, they will receive tremendous profits to fund their research. Unfortunately, the highly advanced weaponry requires alien DNA in order to be activated. So far, they have failed activation of the weaponry requires alien DNA. The tension between the aliens and the humans comes to a head when MNU begins evicting the non-humans from District 9, with MNU field agents responsible for moving them to a new camp. One of the MNU field operatives, Wikus van der Merwe (Sharlto Copley), contracts an alien virus that begins changing his DNA. Wikus accidentally sprays himself with alien goo that begins transforming him into one of them. Wikus' father-in-law authorizes the use of Wikus' body for their experiments and then walks home to tell Tania (wikus’ wife) that Wikus is very sick.
Wikus quickly becomes the most hunted man in the world, as well as the most valuable—he is the key to unlocking the secrets of alien technology. Ostracized and friendless, there is only one place left for him to hide: District 9. Wikus meets with an alien named Christopher, who apparently is smarter than the others and was stockpiling the goo to fuel the spaceship he wants to fly back to his home planet. Christopher wants to retrieve his goo from MNU's bowels, and Wikus wants to figure out a way to stay alive and hopefully reverse the transformation. But, the Nigerians interested to cut his arm when the guards of the multinational attack the compound. Meanwhile Christopher's son has repaired the rocket. The spaceship starts moving over the city, for the first time in 20 years. Wikus jumps into the monster suit that the aliens sold to the Nigerians and is transformed into a killing machine. Once free, however, he lets the guards arrest and torture Christopher and runs away. But then finds the guts to attack and frees Christopher. Wikus protects Christopher who boards the rocket and takes off. The guards finally destroy the alien suit and Wikus falls off what is left of it. Finally, Wikus has disappeared and the transformation is complete.
There are many reasons why the writer chooses the District 9 Film since this film is interested to observe. The first reason includes Wikus’ personal problem that he contracts with an alien virus and makes him begin transforming into one of them. From this event, Wikus become a popular person but he must be segregate from other people and no one knows his condition. He also must separate with his beloved wife and get a slander from his parent-in-law, that he has an intimate relation with an alien until he contracted the aliens’ virus.
The second reason is Wikus’ power for life to become a normal human. His power for life makes him to maintain his love to his wife. It is makes him to fight against his disease and figure out a way to stay alive. He tries to find many ways in order to come back with his wife. He cooperates with Christoper (an alien), against the foe, and against Nigerian people. Wikus is the most hunted man in the world, as well as the most valuable people because he is the key to unlocking the secrets of alien technology.
The third reason is the various characters in the movie, like the loyalty of wikus’wife, a protagonist of wife’s father, and the unique characters of the aliens, fairly strong performances, a good screenplay and excellent special effects. The aliens, technology and what was actually filmed blend perfectly together, and that combination leads to a visceral, realistic experience. With a movie like this, which is unique in many ways, and it is about prawn-like aliens interacting with humans. The aliens have a great design and look authentic, with lots of moving, fluid parts. Their language, defined by clicks, pops and subtitles, works.
The last reason are District 9 won the 2010 Saturn Award for Best International Film presented by the Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Films, and was nominated for four Academy Awards in 2010, including Best Picture, Best Adapted Screenplay, Best Visual Effects, and Best Editing. Based on those reasons above, the researcher conduct the research by using individual psychological approach entitled: THE POWER OF WIKUS’ LOVE IN NEILL BLOMKAMP’S DISTRICT 9 MOVIE (2009): An Individual Psychology Approach.
B. Literature Review
As far as the writers know, there are no other researchers who conduct this research about the District 9 Movie. So, the writer has difficulty to compare this research to other research.
C. Problem Statement
The major problem statement of this research is: How is the power of Wikus’ love until makes him to cure his contract alien virus in Neill Blomkamp’s District 9 Movie (2009): An Individual Psychology Approach.
D. Limitation of the Study
The writer will focus analyzing the power of love on the major character, Wikus Van Der Merwe in the District 9 Movie (2009) based on An Individual Psychology Approach.
E. Objective of the Study
Dealing with the problem statement above, the objectives of the study are as follows:
1. To analyze the power of Wikus’ love until makes he to cure his alien contact virus in Neill Blomkamp’s District 9 Movie (2009) based on An Individual Psychology Approach.
2. To analyze the film based on its structural element of the movie.
F. Benefit of the study
There are two benefits of this study; they are theoretical and practical benefit.
1. Theoretical Benefit
The writer wants to give additional contribution to literature researches dealing with this research entitled the Power of Wikus’ Love in District 9 Movie based on An Individual Psychological Approach.
2. Practical Benefit
The writer hopes that this research will give the detail understanding about the content of the movie especially the reason why the major character (Wikus Van Der Merve) try to cure his contract alien virus.
Underlying Theory
A. Notion of Individual Psychology
Individual psychology is a term used specifically to refer to the psychological method or science founded by the Viennese psychiatrist Alfred Adler (Fall, Holden, & Marquis, 2002). The term "individual psychology" can also be used more generally to refer to what is more commonly known as differential psychology, or the psychology of individual differences. Usage of this term is likely to imply a more individualistic focus than is found in mainstream psychology of individual differences. The concept of "individual psychology" was formulated in the process in which Adler broke away from the psychoanalytic school of Sigmund Freud. In this development, Adler did call his work "free psychoanalysis" for a time, but he later rejected the label of "psychoanalyst".
Individual psychology insists of the fundamental unity of personality. All apparent dichotomies of life are organized in one self body, between conscious and unconscious or between reason and emotion (Adler in Feist, 1985:64). Meanwhile, according to Suryabrata (2002:28) Individual psychology is studies to understanding the human life behavior, condition, emotion, feel of person and have the influences in life. Its mission is to encourage the development of psychologically healthy and cooperative individuals, couples, and families, in order to effectively pursue the ideals of social equality and democratic living. The hope of individual psychology is that through encouraging people to strive for socially beneficial goals, they will not only make valuable contributions to society, but will also achieve happiness as individuals.
B. Basic Concept of Individual Psychology
Individual psychological has a categorized into six basic concepts: (1) Fictional Finalism, (2)Striving for superiority, (3) Inferiority feeling & compensation, (4) Style of life, (5) Social Interest, (6) Creative self.
1. Fictional finalism
Fiction is ideas that have no real existence, yet they influence people as if they really exist. The greatest importance of fiction finalism is the goal of superiority or success the friction final goal has great significance (Sary, 2010:14). The early childhood feeling of inferiority, for which one aims to compensate, leads to the creation of a "fictional final goal," which subjectively seems to promise future security and success.
2. Striving for superiority
Striving for superiority is a prime motivator in human. According to Sary (2010:15), the nature of human beings is they are never satisfied about something that they have gained. They always want to make their condition of life one step higher that before. According to Adler in Sary (2010:15), there are three ultimate goals of human life. They are to be aggressive, to be powerful, and to be superior. Striving for superiority changes the person for one stage to the next higher stage of development. Adler believed that the striving for superiority is innate and that we are never free from it because it is life itself (Hjelle and Ziegler, 1992:143)
3. Inferiority feeling and compensation.
In individual psychology, the original and normal experience of infants and children, such as a feeling of smallness, weakness, or dependency, is known as the primary feeling of inferiority. This usually acts as an incentive for development. However, a child may develop an exaggerated feeling of inferiority as a result of physiological difficulties or handicaps, inappropriate parenting (including abuse, neglect, pampering), or cultural or economic obstacles.
Inferiority of feeling is as the central of personality. “All persons experience varying degrees of inferiority feelings at many points in life (Sarason, 1967:60). Whenever a person suffers from any disadvantages that make him or her inferior to others, his or her main aim becomes to bring those disadvantages to an end.
4. Style of life
This is a concept reflecting the organization of the personality, including the meaning individuals give to the world and to themselves. According to Hjelle and Ziegler (1992:145), everything people do is shaped and directed by their unique life-style, it determines which aspects of their environment they will attend to and which aspects they will ignore. This style is also viewed in the context of the individual's approach to or avoidance of the three tasks of life: other people, work, love and sex.
A lifestyle is formed early in childhood and is unique to each individual. In healthy individuals, dealing with the life tasks is relatively flexible. They can find creative ways to solve problems; when one way is blocked, they can choose another. This is not so for the disturbed individuals, who usually insist on one way or no way.
5. Social Interest
Social interest is a concept that deals with relationship between an individual and his social environment (Hjelle and Ziegler (1992:147)
6. Creative Power
It is the concept of the creative self places the responsibility for the individual’s personality into his own hands (Adler in Mitchell, 2009).
C. Structural Elements of the movie
1. Narrative Elements
a. Character and characterization
According to Douglass and Hardnden (1996:96) “the action in dramas in which the character’s action are primarily driven by people and events that are external to the character, often sacrifice characterization for the sake of the story complications and speed.” The personality of characters is the expression of face, body posture, and also their clothing. The characters can involve attitudes, skills, preferences, psychological drives, details of dress and appearance, and any other specific quality the film creates for a character (Bordwell and Thompson, 1990:58).
Character is people in the story, character and characterization is an essential thing at a literary work mainly in prose fiction and also a picture of person about someone that is showed in the story (Nurgiyantoro, 1995:166). According to Kennedy (1983:45), the characters can be divided into two: “the first is major characters whose personalities become familiar for the reader and the second, minor characters that support the identification of the major characters.
b. Casting
Casting is one of the movie elements in which it is a process of selecting actors, dancers and others (Endrawati, 2009:15). Besides, Casting is a vital of the pre process of movie production for selecting models and other talent for recorded performances. Based on Douglass and Harnden (1996:108), casting characters requires knowing the qualities at the centers of the characters that are the most important, the ones that motivate them through the story, and then finding people who can understand and convey those qualities.
c. Plot
The main spine of the story line is called plot. The stories are driven by the narrative action and the event that movie the story forward (Astuti, 2009:18). The term plot is used for describing everything that visibly and audibly present in the movie before us. The plot includes, firstly, all the story events that are directly depicted. Secondly, the movie’s plot may contain material that is extraneous to the story world (Bordwell and Thompson, 1990:57). According to Douglass and Harnden, (1996:48) the basic elements of dramatic structure are the beginning, the middle, and the end.
1) The Beginning
The beginning is about one quarter the length of the movie production. (Douglass and Harnden in Endrawati, 2009:16). The beginning of the film is about the starting of the film includes character, location, and theme.
2) The Middle
The middle section is about half the production or even a little longer. It is consists of two elements: Rising action and the climax. Rising action is the conflict between characters which produced suspense to climax and climax is the highest points of the conflict (Douglass and Harnden in Endrawati, 2009:17).
3) The End
It is also is also called resolution and give the problem solving of all events in society.
Finally, Plot is a linking of the exposition of beginning, the middle, and the end. The exposition of beginning consists of the rising actions until climax in which the major characters find their problems or conflicts. The middle consists of the highest conflict, so it called climax. The end consists of falling action in which conflicts decrease.
d. Setting
Setting builds what kinds of the story and characters that we will meet and what kinds of conflicts that will be occurred during a play (Douglass and Harnden, 1996:110). Setting consists of two kinds; they are setting of time and setting of place.
e. Point of View
Point of view refers to shot or camera shot taken as if seen through the eyes of a character. It also refers to the perspective of the story teller. In the story teller, point of view is categorized into three parts; they are first person, second person, and third person (Douglass and Harndern, 1996:31). .
f. Theme
Theme is the basic idea of story in which the author portrays through conflicts of characters with other characters or life events (Sulistyowarni, 2010:26). Theme requires attention because it is a reason of story for being. Through theme the filmmaker will examine their attitude toward the subject, study the material, and analyze their knowledge of the audience (Doughlass and Harnden, 1996:4)
2. Technical Elements
a. Mise-en-Scene
Mise-en-Scene is all of the elements of costume and make up, lighting, set dressing and props (Bordwell and Thompson, 1990:120). He also states that it means “staging and action”; it was first applied to the practice of directing play. According to Philips (2005:11), it sometimes can be the entire major of scenes that use only visual to convey moods, characterizations, and meaning.
1) Costume and make-up
It is the properties such clothes worn by the actors to support movie quality, especially the quality of picture. Make up helps the characters present the external appearance of the movie.
2) Lighting
Lighting is the condition of the movie; it will support the quality of the movie. It should provide a sufficient level of illumination.
3) Set dressing and Props
It is the things that are used in the movie that shows the characteristic of the setting of movie.
b. Cinematography
Cinematography is the making of lighting and camera when recording photographic images for the film started. A movie maker should controls the cinematographic Qualities of Shot. It consists of three features:
1) Photographic Qualities of Shot means part of the process in taking actions that belongs in the united of the movie.
2) Framing of Shot refers to the border in shot of the image.
3) The Duration of Shot refers to the time in taking events of the movie by camera.
c. Sound
According to Phillips (2005:163), sound in cinema takes four forms: spoken world, sound effects, music, and silence. Spoken world consists of Dialogues, monologues, and narration. Sound effects consist of sound made by object, people, or ambient sound. Music consists of instrumental, vocals, or combinations.
d. Editing
Editing is easy to notice because of the prevalent technique but also because the disjunction of space, time and graphics made by editing step to the eye attention (Bordwell and Thompson, 1990:209). It is the process of selection the parts of shooting that serve the needs of the film.
3. Theoretical Application.
In this research, the writer uses an individual psychology perspective to develop and analyze this study. The writer focuses on analyzing the power of wikus’ love that reflected in District 9 movie. There are two steps in analyzing this movie. First, the research starts from the structural elements of movie which consist of characters and characterization, casting, plot, technical elements, point of view, and theme. Second, the research studies the relationship of the individual psychological approach with the story of the movie. This step will answer the problem statements of the research.
D. Research Method
The research method of this paper is divide into five aspects, they are:
1. Object of the Study
The object of the study is Wikus Van Der Merve in District 9 movie.
2. Type of the Study
The type of this study is descriptive qualitative, since it is a type of the research which result the descriptive data in the form of written or oral words from the observed object.
3. Type of the Data and Data Source
There are two data sources in this research; they are Primary and Secondary data sources:
a. Primary Data Source
The Primary Data Sources is the movie of the District 9 by Neill Blomkamp.
b. Secondary Data Source
The Secondary Data Sources are the biography of the author, website, literary books and other relevant sources.
4. Technique of the Data Collection.
The Technique of the Data Collection is library research, they are as follows:
a. Watching and understanding the story of the movie.
b. Reading the related books to search the data and information.
c. Searching the website about the movie to get a deep understanding.
d. Arranging the data based on its classification
e. Drawing conclusion based on the data analyzing.
5. Technique of the Data Analysis
The Technique of the Data Analysis is analyzing the data based on individual psychological approach.
E. Research Paper Organization
The writer divides this research into several steps, they are Introduction, Background of a study, Literature review, Problem statement, Limitation of the study, Objective of the study, Benefits of the study, Underlying Theory, Notion of Individual Psychological, Basic Concept of Individual Psychological, and Structural Elements of the Movie, Theoretical Application of Individual Psychology, Research Method, Paper Organization, and Bibliography.
Bibliography
Bordwell, david and Thompson. 1990. Film Art an Introduction, third edition. United States: Mc Graw-Hill.
Douglass, John. S and Harnden. 1996. The Art of Technique (An Aesthetic Approach to Film and Video Prodution. United States: School of Communication the American University.
Endrawati, ary. 2009. Horror of ethnic Cleansing in Spielberg’s Schindler’s List Movie (1993): A Sociological Approach. Surakarta: Unpublished Research Paper.
Fall, Holden, & Marquis, 2002. Individual Psychology.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individual_psychology. March10th2011 at 15.37pm.
Kennedy, X.J. 1983. Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry,and Drama. Third Edition, Boston: Little Brown and Company.
Nurgiyantoro, Burhan. 1995. Teori Pengkajian Fiksi. Yogyakarta: Gajahmada University Press.
Philips, W H. 2005. Film: An Introduction (Third Edition). Boston: Bedford/St. Martin.
Sulistyowarni, E Y. 2010. Hester’s Effort Attaining Love in Roland Joffe’s the Scarlet Letter Movie: An Existentialist Approach. Surakarta: Unpublished Research Paper.
Suryabrata, Sumadi. 2002. Psikologi Kepribadian. Jakarta: Rajawali Press, Inc.
Virtual References
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_9. March08th2011 at 12.15pm
http://www.observer.com/2009/movies/district-9-blew-my-mind. March08th2011 at 12.05pm
http://www.brainyquote.com/words/po/power205562.html#ixzz1HaR3O31I. March10th2011 at 08.35am
http://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/200212/the-power-love. March10th2011 at 08.50am
IN NEILL BLOMKAMP’S DISTRICT 9 MOVIE (2009)
AN INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACH.
RESEARCH PROPOSAL
Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for Getting Bachelor Degree of Education
in English Department
Proposed By:
IPUNG ASANI (A320080004)
SCHOOL OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA
2011
INTRODUCTION
A. Background Of The Study
Power is an ability to do something or act. It also means capability of accomplishing something. According to brainy quote, “power is an ability to act, regarded as latent or inherent, the faculty of doing or performing something, capacity for action or performance, capability of producing an effect, whether physical or moral as a man of great power”. Meanwhile, Love is a feeling at heart in which interest to one object, that making our body becoming unstable. Love is about patience and trust as the foundation. According to psychologytoday.com, Love is as critical for your mind and body as oxygen. The more connected you are, the healthier you will be both physically and emotionally. The less connected you are, the more you are at risk. It is also true that the less love you have, the more depression you are likely to experience in your life. So, power of love is the ability to be patience and believe toward our feeling in heart to defend a relation.
District 9 is a 2009 science fiction thriller film directed by Neill Blomkamp. It was written by Blomkamp and Terri Tatchell, and produced by Peter Jackson and Carolynne Cunningham. The film stars Sharlto Copley, Jason Cope, and David James. The story, adapted from Alive in Joburg, a 2005 short film directed by Blomkamp and produced by Sharlto Copley and Simon Hansen, pivots on the themes of xenophobia and social segregation. The title and premise of District 9 were inspired by events that took place in District Six, Cape Town during the apartheid era. Producer Peter Jackson planned to produce a film adaptation based on the Halo video game franchise with first-time director Neill Blomkamp. Due to lack of financing, the Halo adaptation was placed on hold. Jackson and Blomkamp discussed pursuing alternative projects and eventually chose to produce and direct, respectively, District 9. Blomkamp had previously directed commercials and short films, but District 9 was his first feature film. The director co-wrote the script with Terri Tatchell and chose to film in South Africa, where he was born.
The film was produced for $30 million and shot on location in Chiawelo, Soweto, presenting fictional interviews, news footage, and video from surveillance cameras in a part-mock documentary style format. A viral marketing campaign began in 2008, at the San Diego Comic-Con, while the theatrical trailer appeared in July 2009. Released by TriStar Pictures, the film opened to critical acclaim on August 14, 2009, in North America and earned $37 million in its opening weekend. Blomkamp said no one film influenced District 9, but cited the 1980s "hardcore sci-fi/action" films such as Alien, Aliens, The Terminator, Terminator 2: Judgment Day, Predator and Robocop as subconscious influences. The film has received very positive reviews, with Rotten Tomatoes reporting that 91% of critics gave the film a positive review, based on a sample of 244, with an average score of 7.8 out of 10. The website wrote of the consensus, "Technically brilliant and emotionally wrenching, District 9 has action, imagination, and all the elements of a thoroughly entertaining science-fiction classic." (www.observer.com/2009/movies/district-9).
The District 9 won the 2010 Saturn Award for Best International Film presented by the Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Films, and was nominated for four Academy Awards in 2010, including Best Picture, Best Adapted Screenplay, Best Visual Effects, and Best Editing. This film was named one of the top 10 independent films of 2009 by the National Board of Review of Motion Pictures. The film received four Academy Awards nominations, seven British Academy Film Awards nominations, five Broadcast Film Critics Association nominations, and one Golden Globe nomination. It is the fourth film ever nominated for Best Picture at the Academy Awards for Tri Star Pictures behind As Good As It Gets, Jerry Maguire and Bugsy. It won the 2009 Bradbury Award from the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America. (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_9).
Neill Blomkamp (born 17 September 1979) is an Academy Award-nominated South African film and advertisement writer and director currently based in Vancouver, Canada. Blomkamp employs a documentary-style, hand-held, cinéma vérité technique, blending naturalistic and photo-realistic computer-generated effects. He is best known as the co-writer and director of critically acclaimed District 9, his only feature film to date. Blomkamp was born in Johannesburg, South Africa. At 16, he met Sharlto Copley who had also attended Redhill High School in Johannesburg. Copley provided Blomkamp with the use of computers at his production company in order to pursue his passion and talent for 3D animation and design - in return, Blomkamp assisted Copley in creating 3D work for pitches on various projects. His family relocated to Vancouver when Blomkamp was 18, where he enrolled in Vancouver Film School. In 2003, Blomkamp was hired to illustrate photo-real future aircraft for Popular Science's "Next century in Aviation" and in 2004 was hired to illustrate "The Future of the Automobile". Blomkamp worked as a visual effects artist at The Embassy Visual Effects in Vancouver as well as Rainmaker Digital Effects. In 2007, Blomkamp directed a trilogy of live-action short films (known collectively as Landfall) set in the Halo universe, to promote the release of Halo 3. In 2008, Halo: Combat Evolved, the first of the three installments, won the Cannes Lions 2008 – Film Lions Grand Prix. When funding for the Halo film collapsed, Peter Jackson decided to produce District 9 instead, an adaptation of Blomkamp's earlier short film which had been produced by Hansen and Copley and directed by Blomkamp and starring Copley, was released in mid-August 2009, to rave reviews.
District 9 is set in Johannesburg. The beginning of the story starts with aliens that made first contact with Earth in over twenty years ago. A gigantic spacecraft appeared overhead. After weeks of no contact, the government finally went inside and discovered a species that were soon dubbed "prawns" for their shellfish-like appearance. They were the last of their kind, and in order to accommodate them, the government of South Africa set up a makeshift home in District 9 as politicians and world leaders debated how to handle the situation. As the humans begin to grow wary of the unwelcome intruders, a private company called Multi-National United (MNU) is assigned the task of controlling the aliens. They found thousands of aliens who appeared to be low-level worker drones; their leaders seemed to be gone. For their own health and safety, they were relocated to a slum district of the city. Over the years, however, the city and much of the world has turned against the seemingly chaotic creatures, setting up a new form of apartheid and isolating the creatures. In response to increasing unrest, the government has hired a private firm to go in and relocate the creatures to District 10, an area 200 miles away.
Wikus Van de Merwe, is an MNU bureaucrat who has been promoted to a new position tasked with overseeing the forced move of the aliens into a new slum (District 10). But MNU is less interested in the aliens' welfare than attempting to understand how their weaponry works. Should they manage to make that breakthrough, they will receive tremendous profits to fund their research. Unfortunately, the highly advanced weaponry requires alien DNA in order to be activated. So far, they have failed activation of the weaponry requires alien DNA. The tension between the aliens and the humans comes to a head when MNU begins evicting the non-humans from District 9, with MNU field agents responsible for moving them to a new camp. One of the MNU field operatives, Wikus van der Merwe (Sharlto Copley), contracts an alien virus that begins changing his DNA. Wikus accidentally sprays himself with alien goo that begins transforming him into one of them. Wikus' father-in-law authorizes the use of Wikus' body for their experiments and then walks home to tell Tania (wikus’ wife) that Wikus is very sick.
Wikus quickly becomes the most hunted man in the world, as well as the most valuable—he is the key to unlocking the secrets of alien technology. Ostracized and friendless, there is only one place left for him to hide: District 9. Wikus meets with an alien named Christopher, who apparently is smarter than the others and was stockpiling the goo to fuel the spaceship he wants to fly back to his home planet. Christopher wants to retrieve his goo from MNU's bowels, and Wikus wants to figure out a way to stay alive and hopefully reverse the transformation. But, the Nigerians interested to cut his arm when the guards of the multinational attack the compound. Meanwhile Christopher's son has repaired the rocket. The spaceship starts moving over the city, for the first time in 20 years. Wikus jumps into the monster suit that the aliens sold to the Nigerians and is transformed into a killing machine. Once free, however, he lets the guards arrest and torture Christopher and runs away. But then finds the guts to attack and frees Christopher. Wikus protects Christopher who boards the rocket and takes off. The guards finally destroy the alien suit and Wikus falls off what is left of it. Finally, Wikus has disappeared and the transformation is complete.
There are many reasons why the writer chooses the District 9 Film since this film is interested to observe. The first reason includes Wikus’ personal problem that he contracts with an alien virus and makes him begin transforming into one of them. From this event, Wikus become a popular person but he must be segregate from other people and no one knows his condition. He also must separate with his beloved wife and get a slander from his parent-in-law, that he has an intimate relation with an alien until he contracted the aliens’ virus.
The second reason is Wikus’ power for life to become a normal human. His power for life makes him to maintain his love to his wife. It is makes him to fight against his disease and figure out a way to stay alive. He tries to find many ways in order to come back with his wife. He cooperates with Christoper (an alien), against the foe, and against Nigerian people. Wikus is the most hunted man in the world, as well as the most valuable people because he is the key to unlocking the secrets of alien technology.
The third reason is the various characters in the movie, like the loyalty of wikus’wife, a protagonist of wife’s father, and the unique characters of the aliens, fairly strong performances, a good screenplay and excellent special effects. The aliens, technology and what was actually filmed blend perfectly together, and that combination leads to a visceral, realistic experience. With a movie like this, which is unique in many ways, and it is about prawn-like aliens interacting with humans. The aliens have a great design and look authentic, with lots of moving, fluid parts. Their language, defined by clicks, pops and subtitles, works.
The last reason are District 9 won the 2010 Saturn Award for Best International Film presented by the Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Films, and was nominated for four Academy Awards in 2010, including Best Picture, Best Adapted Screenplay, Best Visual Effects, and Best Editing. Based on those reasons above, the researcher conduct the research by using individual psychological approach entitled: THE POWER OF WIKUS’ LOVE IN NEILL BLOMKAMP’S DISTRICT 9 MOVIE (2009): An Individual Psychology Approach.
B. Literature Review
As far as the writers know, there are no other researchers who conduct this research about the District 9 Movie. So, the writer has difficulty to compare this research to other research.
C. Problem Statement
The major problem statement of this research is: How is the power of Wikus’ love until makes him to cure his contract alien virus in Neill Blomkamp’s District 9 Movie (2009): An Individual Psychology Approach.
D. Limitation of the Study
The writer will focus analyzing the power of love on the major character, Wikus Van Der Merwe in the District 9 Movie (2009) based on An Individual Psychology Approach.
E. Objective of the Study
Dealing with the problem statement above, the objectives of the study are as follows:
1. To analyze the power of Wikus’ love until makes he to cure his alien contact virus in Neill Blomkamp’s District 9 Movie (2009) based on An Individual Psychology Approach.
2. To analyze the film based on its structural element of the movie.
F. Benefit of the study
There are two benefits of this study; they are theoretical and practical benefit.
1. Theoretical Benefit
The writer wants to give additional contribution to literature researches dealing with this research entitled the Power of Wikus’ Love in District 9 Movie based on An Individual Psychological Approach.
2. Practical Benefit
The writer hopes that this research will give the detail understanding about the content of the movie especially the reason why the major character (Wikus Van Der Merve) try to cure his contract alien virus.
Underlying Theory
A. Notion of Individual Psychology
Individual psychology is a term used specifically to refer to the psychological method or science founded by the Viennese psychiatrist Alfred Adler (Fall, Holden, & Marquis, 2002). The term "individual psychology" can also be used more generally to refer to what is more commonly known as differential psychology, or the psychology of individual differences. Usage of this term is likely to imply a more individualistic focus than is found in mainstream psychology of individual differences. The concept of "individual psychology" was formulated in the process in which Adler broke away from the psychoanalytic school of Sigmund Freud. In this development, Adler did call his work "free psychoanalysis" for a time, but he later rejected the label of "psychoanalyst".
Individual psychology insists of the fundamental unity of personality. All apparent dichotomies of life are organized in one self body, between conscious and unconscious or between reason and emotion (Adler in Feist, 1985:64). Meanwhile, according to Suryabrata (2002:28) Individual psychology is studies to understanding the human life behavior, condition, emotion, feel of person and have the influences in life. Its mission is to encourage the development of psychologically healthy and cooperative individuals, couples, and families, in order to effectively pursue the ideals of social equality and democratic living. The hope of individual psychology is that through encouraging people to strive for socially beneficial goals, they will not only make valuable contributions to society, but will also achieve happiness as individuals.
B. Basic Concept of Individual Psychology
Individual psychological has a categorized into six basic concepts: (1) Fictional Finalism, (2)Striving for superiority, (3) Inferiority feeling & compensation, (4) Style of life, (5) Social Interest, (6) Creative self.
1. Fictional finalism
Fiction is ideas that have no real existence, yet they influence people as if they really exist. The greatest importance of fiction finalism is the goal of superiority or success the friction final goal has great significance (Sary, 2010:14). The early childhood feeling of inferiority, for which one aims to compensate, leads to the creation of a "fictional final goal," which subjectively seems to promise future security and success.
2. Striving for superiority
Striving for superiority is a prime motivator in human. According to Sary (2010:15), the nature of human beings is they are never satisfied about something that they have gained. They always want to make their condition of life one step higher that before. According to Adler in Sary (2010:15), there are three ultimate goals of human life. They are to be aggressive, to be powerful, and to be superior. Striving for superiority changes the person for one stage to the next higher stage of development. Adler believed that the striving for superiority is innate and that we are never free from it because it is life itself (Hjelle and Ziegler, 1992:143)
3. Inferiority feeling and compensation.
In individual psychology, the original and normal experience of infants and children, such as a feeling of smallness, weakness, or dependency, is known as the primary feeling of inferiority. This usually acts as an incentive for development. However, a child may develop an exaggerated feeling of inferiority as a result of physiological difficulties or handicaps, inappropriate parenting (including abuse, neglect, pampering), or cultural or economic obstacles.
Inferiority of feeling is as the central of personality. “All persons experience varying degrees of inferiority feelings at many points in life (Sarason, 1967:60). Whenever a person suffers from any disadvantages that make him or her inferior to others, his or her main aim becomes to bring those disadvantages to an end.
4. Style of life
This is a concept reflecting the organization of the personality, including the meaning individuals give to the world and to themselves. According to Hjelle and Ziegler (1992:145), everything people do is shaped and directed by their unique life-style, it determines which aspects of their environment they will attend to and which aspects they will ignore. This style is also viewed in the context of the individual's approach to or avoidance of the three tasks of life: other people, work, love and sex.
A lifestyle is formed early in childhood and is unique to each individual. In healthy individuals, dealing with the life tasks is relatively flexible. They can find creative ways to solve problems; when one way is blocked, they can choose another. This is not so for the disturbed individuals, who usually insist on one way or no way.
5. Social Interest
Social interest is a concept that deals with relationship between an individual and his social environment (Hjelle and Ziegler (1992:147)
6. Creative Power
It is the concept of the creative self places the responsibility for the individual’s personality into his own hands (Adler in Mitchell, 2009).
C. Structural Elements of the movie
1. Narrative Elements
a. Character and characterization
According to Douglass and Hardnden (1996:96) “the action in dramas in which the character’s action are primarily driven by people and events that are external to the character, often sacrifice characterization for the sake of the story complications and speed.” The personality of characters is the expression of face, body posture, and also their clothing. The characters can involve attitudes, skills, preferences, psychological drives, details of dress and appearance, and any other specific quality the film creates for a character (Bordwell and Thompson, 1990:58).
Character is people in the story, character and characterization is an essential thing at a literary work mainly in prose fiction and also a picture of person about someone that is showed in the story (Nurgiyantoro, 1995:166). According to Kennedy (1983:45), the characters can be divided into two: “the first is major characters whose personalities become familiar for the reader and the second, minor characters that support the identification of the major characters.
b. Casting
Casting is one of the movie elements in which it is a process of selecting actors, dancers and others (Endrawati, 2009:15). Besides, Casting is a vital of the pre process of movie production for selecting models and other talent for recorded performances. Based on Douglass and Harnden (1996:108), casting characters requires knowing the qualities at the centers of the characters that are the most important, the ones that motivate them through the story, and then finding people who can understand and convey those qualities.
c. Plot
The main spine of the story line is called plot. The stories are driven by the narrative action and the event that movie the story forward (Astuti, 2009:18). The term plot is used for describing everything that visibly and audibly present in the movie before us. The plot includes, firstly, all the story events that are directly depicted. Secondly, the movie’s plot may contain material that is extraneous to the story world (Bordwell and Thompson, 1990:57). According to Douglass and Harnden, (1996:48) the basic elements of dramatic structure are the beginning, the middle, and the end.
1) The Beginning
The beginning is about one quarter the length of the movie production. (Douglass and Harnden in Endrawati, 2009:16). The beginning of the film is about the starting of the film includes character, location, and theme.
2) The Middle
The middle section is about half the production or even a little longer. It is consists of two elements: Rising action and the climax. Rising action is the conflict between characters which produced suspense to climax and climax is the highest points of the conflict (Douglass and Harnden in Endrawati, 2009:17).
3) The End
It is also is also called resolution and give the problem solving of all events in society.
Finally, Plot is a linking of the exposition of beginning, the middle, and the end. The exposition of beginning consists of the rising actions until climax in which the major characters find their problems or conflicts. The middle consists of the highest conflict, so it called climax. The end consists of falling action in which conflicts decrease.
d. Setting
Setting builds what kinds of the story and characters that we will meet and what kinds of conflicts that will be occurred during a play (Douglass and Harnden, 1996:110). Setting consists of two kinds; they are setting of time and setting of place.
e. Point of View
Point of view refers to shot or camera shot taken as if seen through the eyes of a character. It also refers to the perspective of the story teller. In the story teller, point of view is categorized into three parts; they are first person, second person, and third person (Douglass and Harndern, 1996:31). .
f. Theme
Theme is the basic idea of story in which the author portrays through conflicts of characters with other characters or life events (Sulistyowarni, 2010:26). Theme requires attention because it is a reason of story for being. Through theme the filmmaker will examine their attitude toward the subject, study the material, and analyze their knowledge of the audience (Doughlass and Harnden, 1996:4)
2. Technical Elements
a. Mise-en-Scene
Mise-en-Scene is all of the elements of costume and make up, lighting, set dressing and props (Bordwell and Thompson, 1990:120). He also states that it means “staging and action”; it was first applied to the practice of directing play. According to Philips (2005:11), it sometimes can be the entire major of scenes that use only visual to convey moods, characterizations, and meaning.
1) Costume and make-up
It is the properties such clothes worn by the actors to support movie quality, especially the quality of picture. Make up helps the characters present the external appearance of the movie.
2) Lighting
Lighting is the condition of the movie; it will support the quality of the movie. It should provide a sufficient level of illumination.
3) Set dressing and Props
It is the things that are used in the movie that shows the characteristic of the setting of movie.
b. Cinematography
Cinematography is the making of lighting and camera when recording photographic images for the film started. A movie maker should controls the cinematographic Qualities of Shot. It consists of three features:
1) Photographic Qualities of Shot means part of the process in taking actions that belongs in the united of the movie.
2) Framing of Shot refers to the border in shot of the image.
3) The Duration of Shot refers to the time in taking events of the movie by camera.
c. Sound
According to Phillips (2005:163), sound in cinema takes four forms: spoken world, sound effects, music, and silence. Spoken world consists of Dialogues, monologues, and narration. Sound effects consist of sound made by object, people, or ambient sound. Music consists of instrumental, vocals, or combinations.
d. Editing
Editing is easy to notice because of the prevalent technique but also because the disjunction of space, time and graphics made by editing step to the eye attention (Bordwell and Thompson, 1990:209). It is the process of selection the parts of shooting that serve the needs of the film.
3. Theoretical Application.
In this research, the writer uses an individual psychology perspective to develop and analyze this study. The writer focuses on analyzing the power of wikus’ love that reflected in District 9 movie. There are two steps in analyzing this movie. First, the research starts from the structural elements of movie which consist of characters and characterization, casting, plot, technical elements, point of view, and theme. Second, the research studies the relationship of the individual psychological approach with the story of the movie. This step will answer the problem statements of the research.
D. Research Method
The research method of this paper is divide into five aspects, they are:
1. Object of the Study
The object of the study is Wikus Van Der Merve in District 9 movie.
2. Type of the Study
The type of this study is descriptive qualitative, since it is a type of the research which result the descriptive data in the form of written or oral words from the observed object.
3. Type of the Data and Data Source
There are two data sources in this research; they are Primary and Secondary data sources:
a. Primary Data Source
The Primary Data Sources is the movie of the District 9 by Neill Blomkamp.
b. Secondary Data Source
The Secondary Data Sources are the biography of the author, website, literary books and other relevant sources.
4. Technique of the Data Collection.
The Technique of the Data Collection is library research, they are as follows:
a. Watching and understanding the story of the movie.
b. Reading the related books to search the data and information.
c. Searching the website about the movie to get a deep understanding.
d. Arranging the data based on its classification
e. Drawing conclusion based on the data analyzing.
5. Technique of the Data Analysis
The Technique of the Data Analysis is analyzing the data based on individual psychological approach.
E. Research Paper Organization
The writer divides this research into several steps, they are Introduction, Background of a study, Literature review, Problem statement, Limitation of the study, Objective of the study, Benefits of the study, Underlying Theory, Notion of Individual Psychological, Basic Concept of Individual Psychological, and Structural Elements of the Movie, Theoretical Application of Individual Psychology, Research Method, Paper Organization, and Bibliography.
Bibliography
Bordwell, david and Thompson. 1990. Film Art an Introduction, third edition. United States: Mc Graw-Hill.
Douglass, John. S and Harnden. 1996. The Art of Technique (An Aesthetic Approach to Film and Video Prodution. United States: School of Communication the American University.
Endrawati, ary. 2009. Horror of ethnic Cleansing in Spielberg’s Schindler’s List Movie (1993): A Sociological Approach. Surakarta: Unpublished Research Paper.
Fall, Holden, & Marquis, 2002. Individual Psychology.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individual_psychology. March10th2011 at 15.37pm.
Kennedy, X.J. 1983. Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry,and Drama. Third Edition, Boston: Little Brown and Company.
Nurgiyantoro, Burhan. 1995. Teori Pengkajian Fiksi. Yogyakarta: Gajahmada University Press.
Philips, W H. 2005. Film: An Introduction (Third Edition). Boston: Bedford/St. Martin.
Sulistyowarni, E Y. 2010. Hester’s Effort Attaining Love in Roland Joffe’s the Scarlet Letter Movie: An Existentialist Approach. Surakarta: Unpublished Research Paper.
Suryabrata, Sumadi. 2002. Psikologi Kepribadian. Jakarta: Rajawali Press, Inc.
Virtual References
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_9. March08th2011 at 12.15pm
http://www.observer.com/2009/movies/district-9-blew-my-mind. March08th2011 at 12.05pm
http://www.brainyquote.com/words/po/power205562.html#ixzz1HaR3O31I. March10th2011 at 08.35am
http://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/200212/the-power-love. March10th2011 at 08.50am
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